When did ETFs become popular?
ETFs have encountered success in the 2000's and have since developed across all assets classes, some focusing on specific investment themes and some on active strategies.
Since their introduction in 1993, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have exploded in popularity with investors. These instruments—equity portfolios tracking an index and tradable intraday like stocks—have provided cost savings and diversification benefits for institutional managers as well as individuals.
The first true actively-managed ETF was launched in 2008.
That's a new all-time high for active ETFs that signifies favorable growth potential in the future. In net asset terms, active ETFs have grown from $112 billion in 2019 to $509 billion in 2023—a 35% five-year compound annual growth rate. ETFs have experienced strong and steady inflows over the decade.
Launched in 1993, the SPDR S&P 500 ETF is considered the oldest exchange-traded fund managed by State Street Global Advisors that provides exposure to large-cap U.S. equities and is considered the oldest ETF in existence.
Market risk
The single biggest risk in ETFs is market risk. Like a mutual fund or a closed-end fund, ETFs are only an investment vehicle—a wrapper for their underlying investment. So if you buy an S&P 500 ETF and the S&P 500 goes down 50%, nothing about how cheap, tax efficient, or transparent an ETF is will help you.
ETFs are most often linked to a benchmarking index, meaning that they are often not designed to outperform that index. Investors looking for this type of outperformance (which also, of course, carries added risks) should perhaps look to other opportunities.
When was SPY created? SPY was created on January 22, 1993. It was the first US ETF to be listed on a national stock exchange, and it remains the most widely traded ETF in the world.
2001: Vanguard brings cost competition to the ETF market
The first one available was Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF, which began trading on the American Stock Exchange. When we entered the ETF market in 2001, our unique approach lowered costs for investors.
- SPY - $501.50 billion.
- IVV - $450.03 billion.
- VOO - $420.71 billion.
- VTi - $380.70 billion.
- QQQ - $258.64 billion4.
What is the downside of ETFs?
For instance, some ETFs may come with fees, others might stray from the value of the underlying asset, ETFs are not always optimized for taxes, and of course — like any investment — ETFs also come with risk.
Nearly all leveraged ETFs come with a prominent warning in their prospectus: they are not designed for long-term holding. The combination of leverage, market volatility, and an unfavorable sequence of returns can lead to disastrous outcomes.
Hold ETFs throughout your working life. Hold ETFs as long as you can, give compound interest time to work for you. Sell ETFs to fund your retirement. Don't sell ETFs during a market crash.
SPY is also the largest ETF in the market, boasting roughly $170 billion in assets under management. And it's the most liquid security in the world, trading some $27.4 billion on average every day.
The single biggest risk in ETFs is market risk.
Fund (ticker) | YTD performance | 5-year performance |
---|---|---|
Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO) | 10.4 percent | 15.0 percent |
SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY) | 10.4 percent | 15.0 percent |
iShares Core S&P 500 ETF (IVV) | 10.4 percent | 15.0 percent |
Invesco QQQ Trust (QQQ) | 8.6 percent | 20.7 percent |
ETFs may close due to lack of investor interest or poor returns. For investors, the easiest way to exit an ETF investment is to sell it on the open market. Liquidation of ETFs is strictly regulated; when an ETF closes, any remaining shareholders will receive a payout based on what they had invested in the ETF.
For most standard, unleveraged ETFs that track an index, the maximum you can theoretically lose is the amount you invested, driving your investment value to zero. However, it's rare for broad-market ETFs to go to zero unless the entire market or sector it tracks collapses entirely.
Interest rate changes are the primary culprit when bond exchange-traded funds (ETFs) lose value. As interest rates rise, the prices of existing bonds fall, which impacts the value of the ETFs holding these assets.
If you own ETF shares, you will receive cash equivalent to the value of your holding on the day of liquidation (not the value on the last day of trading).
What ETF consistently beat the market?
MarketWatch spotlights VanEck Morningstar Wide Moat ETF (MOAT), consistently outperforming the S&P 500 by targeting companies with long-term competitive advantages or "economic moats."
The choice comes down to what you value most. If you prefer the flexibility of trading intraday and favor lower expense ratios in most instances, go with ETFs. If you worry about the impact of commissions and spreads, go with mutual funds.
The SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY) seeks to track the performance of the S&P 500 index, which is a cap-weighted basket of the largest publicly traded companies in the U.S. SPY is the oldest ETF listed on a U.S. exchange and is the largest ETF as measured by AUM.
While individual stocks were the most commonly owned investment product, held by 43% of households in 2022, 18% of households invested in ETFs in the same year, up by 2 percentage points from 2020, research firm Hearts & Wallets found.
ETF benefits, including simplicity, low expenses and tax efficiency, make exchange-traded funds a worthwhile investment for retirement. Popular types of ETFs for retirement include dividend ETFs, fixed-income ETFs and real estate ETFs.
References
- https://www.vaneck.com/us/en/blogs/moat-investing/decade-of-dominance-the-etf-that-quietly-beats-the-s-and-p-500/
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